Introduction of C Programming Language C Character Set Constants, Variables, Keywords Rules for Integer Variables Values Rules for Floating Variables Values Rules for Character Variables Values First C program Comments in C The main() function printf() and scanf() Format Specifiers C Instructions Operators in C Type Conversions Control Instructions Decision Control If statement If-else statement Nested if-else Statement The Switch Statement Logical Operators Conditional Operator

Types of Loops While loop For Loop Do-while Loop Nesting of Loops Multiple Initializations in the for Loop The Break Statement The Continue Statement Difference Between While and Do-While Loop: The Goto Statement Programming Errors in C Language Practice Question on Constants

Functions in C Parameters in C Function Points to Remember Ways to Call a Function Difference Between Call by Value and Call by Reference Storage Classes in C Storage Classes Which Storage Class to Use When Difference Between Compile-Time and Run-Time Errors Letters and their ASCII values in C

Introduction to Pointers Pointer Notation Symbols used in Pointers in C Declaring a Pointer Null Pointers Enumeration (enum) in C

Type Casting in C Recursion in C Integers - Signed and Unsigned

Arrays in C Different Ways to Initialize All Members of an Array to The Same Value: 2-D Arrays in C Passing Array to a Function in C Points to Remember Arrays of Pointers Exercise

Strings in C Examples Standard Library String Functions Passing strings to a function Practice Question

Introduction Of Structures Accessing Structure Elements Features of Structures Uses of Structures Practice Questions

Union in C Declaring Union Input/Output Console Input/Output Functions Formatted Console I/O Functions Unformatted Console Input/Output Functions File Input/Output File Opening Modes Operations on Bits One’s Complement Operator

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"r": Searches file. If the file is opened successfully, fopen( ) loads it into memory and sets up a pointer which points to the first character in it. If the file cannot be opened, fopen( ) returns NULL.

Operations possible – reading from the file.

"w": Searches file. If the file exists, its contents are overwritten. If the file doesn’t exist, a new file is created. Returns NULL, if unable to open the file.

Operations possible – writing to the file.

"a": Searches file. If the file is opened successfully, fopen( ) loads it into memory and sets up a pointer that points to the last character in it. If the file doesn’t exist, a new file is created. Returns NULL, if unable to open the file.

Operations possible - adding new contents at the end of file.

"r+": Searches file.If the file is opened successfully, fopen( ) loads it into memory and sets up a pointer which points to the first character in it. Returns NULL, if unable to open the file.

Operations possible - reading existing contents, writing new contents, modifying existing contents of the file.

"w+": Searches file. If the file exists, its contents are overwritten. If the file doesn’t exist a new file is created. Returns NULL, if unable to open the file.

Operations possible - writing new contents, reading them back and modifying existing contents of the file.

"a+": Searches file. If the file is opened successfully, fopen( ) loads it into memory and sets up a pointer which points to the first character in it. If the file doesn’t exist, a new file is created. Returns NULL, if unable to open the file.

Operations possible - reading existing contents, appending new contents to end of file. Cannot modify existing contents.

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